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Research electrochemistry.

Please peruse this part of the site to find articles, white paper, tutorials, application notes and a wide range of other documentation related to research electrochemistry.

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What is compliance

Learn how a potentiostat controls the cell voltage and how to deal with compliance voltage
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Corrosion

Overview page with links to all documentation related to Corrosion.
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EC-Lab® solutions for coupling with external devices

This article shows how to integrate, synchronize, and interface BioLogic potentiostats with other devices and instruments using EC-Lab.
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How to decode the standard test methods for corrosion?

This article discusses corrosion techniques available in EC-Lab in compliance with ASTM and JIS standards.
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Impedance of Corroding Metal – Tafelian System

This article introduces the concept of using impedance measurements to analyze corrosion. It focuses specifically on Tafelian corrosion. Learn how to calculate the rate of corrosion, interpret data visually, and relate it to real-world corrosion problems.
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Impedance of Corroding Metal – Volmer-Heyrovsky mechanism

This article introduces the concept of using impedance measurements to analyze corrosion. It focuses specifically on Tafelian corrosion. Learn how to calculate the rate of corrosion, interpret data visually, and relate it to real-world corrosion problems.
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What is CO2 electrolysis?

This article introduces CO2 electrolysis and explains CO2 reduction reactions, products from CO2RR and discusses current challenges and prospects.
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Get the best EIS measurements, even with longer cables

As an industry leader in Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy, BioLogic ensures accurate EIS measurements, regardless of cable length, by compensating for parasitic effect with factory-calibrated cables. Focus on your research, not your setup.
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ZFit: How the sensitivity factor can help optimize the equivalent circuit

Sensitivity functions can help you decide if a specific parameter is relevant or not.
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Why use RDE and RRDE method to characterize electrocatalysts?

This article explains how BluRev can help you understand electrocatalyst properties using RDE and RRDE methods
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How to select the right reference electrode?

This article helps you decide which reference electrode is best for your experiment
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Introduction to High Throughput Screening

This article introduces high throughput screening and explains its advantages compared to iterative testing.
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SDC or SECM for high throughput scanning?

The article compares Scanning Electrochemical Microscopy (SECM) and Scanning Droplet Cell (SDC) for high throughput workstation
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What scanning probe electrochemistry platform is best for high throughput screening?

The article explains how to select the best high throughput workstation
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M470: An all in one scanning probe electrochemistry software

Everything you need for local electrochemistry in one software
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Make life easier with smart limits and automatic I Range

This article explains new tools available in EC-Lab® V11.50 including I Range in Galvano mode and smart charge limits.
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How to automate experiments and build complex protocols: An introduction to the M470 sequencer

Automating experiments, and writing complex protocols with the M470 sequencer.
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Take your experiments ‘To Go’ with EC-Lab®

Unlock the true potential of your electrochemical experiments with wireless connectivity.
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Which SCAN-Lab software should I use?

Information on when to use the different BioLogic software available for scanning probe electrochemistry.
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EC-Lab®

The stand-out potentiostat interface that just keeps getting better
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How to access electric variables in EC-Lab®

EC-Lab® software allows access to the complex representation of the electrical variables obtained from electrochemical impedance measurements on ionic conductors.
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ZFit: How to have confidence in results using std err.?

This article explains the significance of the std err. parameter in ZFit, the EIS fitting tool in EC-Lab.
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What is AC Voltammetry? Introduction to technique principles

This article helps you understand key principles of alternating current voltammetry (AC Voltammetry)
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ZSim and ZFit as learning tools. Part V – How to choose the proper equivalent circuit?

This article gives tips, tricks and general guidance for choosing the proper equivalent circuit.
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ZSim and ZFit as learning tools. Part VII – Equivalent circuits identifiability

Explain the identifiability and unidentifiability properties of equivalent circuits
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ZSim and ZFit as learning tools. Part VI – Equivalent circuits distinguishability

Explain the distinguishability properties of equivalent circuits
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The Faraday Cage: What is it and how does it work?

What is a Faraday Cage. How does it work? The article looks at the use of the Faraday cage in electrochemistry.
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What is a Frequency Response Analyzer (FRA)?

What is a Frequency Response Analyzer, what is its principle? This article details key information about FRA.
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What is a potentiostat and its use in Science & Industry (Electrochemistry Basics Series)

What is a potentiostat? An article detailing every aspect of this versatile electrochemical multitool. Covers Potentiostat functionality and operation, the history of the potentiostat, uses and applications and the future of the potentiostat
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Guidelines for proper Electrochemical Noise (EN) measurements

How to properly perform EN measurements with BioLogic products.
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What is CV? A comprehensive guide to Cyclic Voltammetry

A highly detailed article relating to Cyclic Voltammetry and associated EC-Lab techniques
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How do I choose between step mode and sweep mode?

Choosing step mode or sweep mode affects experiment quality and duration from Scanning Electrochemical Microscopy to Atomic Force Microscopy
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SECM101: What is Constant Distance (CD)-SECM?

Constant Distance (CD)-SECM is introduced in this BioLogic Learning Center article
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Scanning Probe Electrochemistry: A glossary of terms

What do the different terms relating to local electrochemistry mean? This article gives a definitive list
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Distribution of Relaxation Times (DRT): how to identify equivalent circuits efficiently

The Distribution of Relaxation Times (DRT) analysis (equivalent circuit identification tool) is introduced.
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What is Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS)? Electrochemistry Basics Series

Electrochemical Impedance spectroscopy (EIS) is a powerful tool enabling the study of processes that occur at the interface of the electrode.
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Key factors to consider when looking for a scanning electrochemical workstation.

Factors of interest when looking at a scanning electrochemical workstation are discussed.
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SECM101: Introduction to the redox mediator

The Scanning Electrochemical Microscopy (SECM) redox mediator is introduced.
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SKP vs KPFM

Scanning Kelvin Probe and Kelvin Probe Force Microscopy are compared.
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CVSim as a learning tool III: Linearity in EIS

Article describes how CVSim can be used to study the behaviour of a redox reaction during an Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS) measurements.
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What is the definition of the impedance Z?

How to correctly define the $Z$ impedance
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Which scanning probe electrochemistry technique?

The scanning probe electrochemistry techniques on the M470 are compared.
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ZSim and ZFit as learning tools. Part IV – The effect of high frequency inductance.

High frequency inductance can strongly affect the shape of impedance graphs and need to be accounted for during data fitting.
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Anatomy of an SKP probe

The key features of an SKP probe will be discussed.
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SKP and the Fringing Effect

The fringing effect and its role in Scanning Kelvin Probe (SKP) is introduced.
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CVSim as a learning tool. II Interfacial concentrations

CVSim is used to determine the peak current concentration of electroactive species involved in a reversible redox reaction (E).
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ZSim and ZFit as learning tools. Part II – Why circle fitting is wrong?

We demonstrate why circle fitting should not be used to analyze impedance data using ZSim- part of EC-Lab, BioLogic's potentiostat control/analysis software
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ZSim and ZFit as learning tools. Part III – How to detect an inductive behaviour at low frequencies

Does the Nyquist impedance diagram of the C1/R1/(R2+L2) circuit always have an inductive arc at low frequencies?
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Scanning probe electrochemistry for sensor research

An overview of the application of local electrochemical techniques in sensor research
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Advanced Bipolar Membranes: Design Principles and Applications in Electrochemical Technology (Webinar)

Part one of the Bluebox Webinar Series, presented by Prof. Shannon Boettcher Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and the Materials Science Institute
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Multichannel & Single-channel potentiostats – what’s the difference? (Electrochemistry Basics Series)

An overview of the differences between single channel and multichannel potentiostat galvanostats
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LEIS or ac-SECM?

Local Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (LEIS) and Alternating Current-Scanning Electrochemical Microscopy (ac-SECM) are compared.
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Don’t forget our YouTube Channel

Don't forget that a wide range of support, software tutorials and product support videos are also available on our YouTube Channel
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ZSim and ZFit as learning tools. Part I – Acidic corrosion

An overview of ZSim the powerful Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS) simulation tool available in EC-Lab®,
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$\small R_\text p = \lim \limits_{f \rightarrow 0} \text{Re} \;Z$. Why?

Why is the polarization resistance the finite low-frequency limit of the impedance? This Learning Center article explains why...
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$\small R_\text p = \lim \limits_{f \rightarrow 0} \text{Re} \;Z$. Why?

Why is the polarization resistance the finite low-frequency limit of the impedance? This Learning Center article explains why...
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The easy way to D – the diffusion coefficient

Performing EIS experiments on a Rotating Disk Electrode is a really easy way to access the diffusion coefficient of the electroactive species in the considered electrolyte.
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Ohmic drop correction: a means of improving measurement accuracy

The effect of the ohmic drop on electrochemical measurements and methods for its correction.
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Obtain corrosion rate versus time automatically with the Corrosimetry technique!

The article explains the corrosimetry technique, and how corrosion rates over time can be obtained automatically.
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CVSim as a learning tool. I. Diffusion coefficient

This article introduces CVSim and describes how it can be used to determine the diffusion constant of a reactive species involved in a reversible redox reaction.
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How to correct impedance measurements when using longer cables or a test fixture (Electrochemistry Basics Series)

Focus on your Device under Test. How to remove parasitic impedance due to extension cables or connection interfaces
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The different current and voltage setpoint options in EC/BT-Lab®

This article presents the various options available in EC/BT-Lab® for potential and current setpoints.
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How to use electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) accuracy contour plots

EIS accuracy contour plots must be used to interpret errors made during EIS measurements and identify the best frequencies possible for a given impedance range.
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ic-SECM101: An Introduction to Intermittent Contact-Scanning Electrochemical Microscopy

An overview of Intermittent Contact-Scanning Electrochemical Microscopy
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The RRDE as a pH probe in situ

The Rotating Ring Disk Electrode (RRDE) Ring can be used as a potentiometric or amperometric in situ pH probe. This is extremely useful to study electrochemical reactions that involves OH- or H+ ions.
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Effect of the staircase on current sampling.

An article detailing the effect of the staircase on current sampling
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Checking and validating reference electrodes (Electrochemistry basics series)

The reference electrode is part of the 3-electrode setup. A bad reference electrode can impact negatively on measurements. In this article, we discuss the protocol necessary to check reference electrodes.
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Investigation of impedance measurements using the Z Sim tool (Electrochemistry Basics Series)

To adjust the frequency range of your EIS experiment or just to see the shape of your model, Z Sim is available on both EC-Lab® and BT-Lab® software.
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An investigation of corrosion kinetics using BioLogic’s Corr.Sim tool

Corr. Sim is a simulation tool developed to gain a better understanding of the corrosion behaviour of a material in a given environment.
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Nyquist plots: Why use the orthonormal scale?

This article illustrates why the orthonormal scale should be used for Nyquist impedance plots.
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dc-SECM and the SECM150

The dc-SECM technique. Includes a link to a more detailed, downloadable document.
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Rotating Ring Disk Electrode: an Introduction

The principles and main uses of the Rotating Ring Disk Electrode.
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100th Learning Center Published

How to get the best out of BioLogic's Learning Center
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How do I customize my plots?

A suitable plot with the right variables allows you directly access the results and saves a great deal of time during the analysis. In this short article we show you how...
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Create and save your own protocols

Learn how to save time by configuring full experiments from previous settings; including safety limits, advanced settings, cell characteristics and external device configuration.
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Levich analysis: the principles

The Levich analysis is mainly used to determine the diffusion coefficient of a redox species. But how does it work exactly?
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ac-SECM101: An Introduction to Alternating Current-Scanning Electrochemical Microscopy

A short article outlining the principles and benefits of Alternating Current-Scanning Electrochemical Microscopy
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Coatings, Corrosion and Scanning Probe Electrochemistry

A short video presentation of the benefits of scanning probe electrochemistry for the coatings and corrosion sector
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Koutecký-Levich analysis: the principles

The Koutecký-Levich analysis is used to determine kinetic parameters of a redox reaction. But how does it work exactly?
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How to measure reaction kinetics parameters using Cycling Voltammetry (CV)

Learn how to measure redox reaction kinetics parameters by performing cyclic voltammetry at various potential scan rates.
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Split electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) experiments into multiple sequences: save time without compromising quality

Reliable impedance measurements require the system under study to remain linear and stationary during the whole measurement sequence. This article describes the ideal configuration for studying unstable systems such as batteries or supercaps to save time while maintaining good measurement quality.
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Work smarter, not harder: Tech-tips

A series of short articles explaining how to work more efficiently and streamline your workflow
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QCM: History and principles

The principles behind the QCM technique are described as well as an introduction to its history.
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QCM: Why measure at overtones matters

The benefits of QCM measurements at overtones are described.
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QCM: Measurement principles

The measurement principles used in QCM are described
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SDC101: An Introduction to Scanning Droplet Cell

An Introduction to the Scanning Droplet Cell technique
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QCM: When is the Sauerbrey equation valid?

How to ensure the validity of the Sauerbrey equation
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SECM101: An Introduction to Scanning Electrochemical Microscopy

An introduction to Scanning Electrochemical Microscopy (SECM)
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SKP101: An Introduction to Scanning Kelvin Probe

An Introduction to Scanning Kelvin Probe
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SVET101: An Introduction to the Scanning Vibrating Electrode Technique

An Introduction to the Scanning Vibrating Electrode Technique
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LEIS101: An Introduction to Local Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy

An Introduction to Local Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy
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Connection to the cell – Part 3 – Permeation cell measurements (Working Electrode to Ground)

Last in a three part series about connection modes
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Connection to the cell – Part 2 – Multi-electrode measurement

The second in a third part series of three articles about connection modes.
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Connection to the cell – Part 1 – What is “ground”?

Different grounding options based on application type
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Corrosion basics: DC electrochemical characterization of a corrosion system

This article describes a simple method for the determination of the potential and corrosion current of a uniformly corroding electrode based on the Stern or Wagner-Traud relationship.
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Scanning probe electrochemistry for materials research

Scanning probe electrochemistry for materials research
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Rotating Disk Electrodes: their value and use

The Rotating Disk Electrode is a widely used device in electrochemistry research? But what exactly makes it so useful?
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ac-, dc-, ic-, ic-ac, FB, GC… What does this SECM alphabet soup even mean?

A breakdown of the different techniques that make up SECM
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Get more from your potentiostat. Understanding bandwidth & its effect on measurements (Electrochemistry basics series)

An article which gives an overview of the electronic system that sits behind a potentiostat/galvanostats and describes how it can affect your measurements.
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How to check and correct the time variance of your system under EIS measurements

The article gives details of the tools available in EC-Lab® to help you check and correct the time variance of your system so it does not affect your EIS measurements.
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How to make reliable Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy measurements with EIS QI™

To be considered reliable, EIS measurements must be performed on a system that is linear, in a steady-state and time-invariant. Quality Indicators are made available to users of EC-Lab® to ensure that the system fulfills these requirements.
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Scanning Probe Electrochemistry & Materials Research

The use of scanning probe electrochemistry in materials science
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Scanning probes & sensor research

The role of scanning probe electrochemistry in sensor research
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Scanning probes & corrosion research

The role of scanning probe electrochemistry for research in corrosion
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Scanning probes & coating research

Scanning probes & coating research
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Scanning probes & catalytic systems

The role of scanning probe electrochemistry in research for catalytic systems.
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PEIS or GEIS or GEIS-AA? That is the question.

This article explains when Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS) should be performed under potentio control (PEIS), galvano control (GEIS) and when GEIS-AA should be used.
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Coupling potentiostats & spectrometers for spectroelectrochemical measurements

One of the possibilities of characterizing intermediate species created during a redox process, is to couple a spectrometer with a potentiostat
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A local look at sensors

Why use SECM in studies of sensors?
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A local view of corrosion

The effects of corrosion need to be considered in almost every industry. A recent NACE report [1] estimated that corrosion costs $2.5 trillion USD globally
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DC electrochemical characterisation of a corrosion system

Corrosion is an unwanted spontaneous electrochemical process leading to a structural degradation of a material.
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ZFit (impedance fitting) tutorials for potentiostats and battery cyclers

Series of tutorials about ZFit, BioLogic's impedance fitting tool
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Data of interest – work more efficiently.

Get the most out of your potentiostat/battery cycler : how EC/BT-Lab can help you work more efficiently as well as save valuable time.
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Electrochemical characterisation of a corrosion system by Impedance spectroscopy

Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) is a powerful analytical method used to investigate the electrochemical properties of a wide range of electrochemical systems
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Resolution, Precision, Accuracy, Temperature stability and Time base: The five to watch (Electrochemistry Basics Series)

The five characteristics that should be on every electrochemist’s radar
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Modify on-the-Fly: Flexible potentiostat/battery cycler control

No need to stop the experiment with EC-Lab®’s “modify-on-the-fly” functionality
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Why 4-point measurements?

A potentiostat / galvanostat is an instrument that can control both the current and the voltage imposed to a cell. For this purpose, Bio-Logic instruments require at least 4 cables:
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Potentiostats: Obtaining high quality measurements (Electrochemistry Basics Series)

This article gives some tips to improve the quality of measurements, from optimizing the setup or the connection interfaces, to the geometry of the cell itself.
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